Journal Issue: Psychologie a její kontexty. Ročník 13. Číslo 1
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2022
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Časopis Psychologie a její kontexty je zaměřen na široký okruh otázek z teoretické, metodologické oblasti i ze sféry aplikací psychologie do každodenního života. Navazuje volně na tradici psychologické řady Sborníků prací Filozofické fakulty Ostravské Univerzity.
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Pojem "psychologická první pomoc": je užíván (vždy) vhodně?
(2022) Hudcová, Bianka
S pojmem psychologická první pomoc je pracováno nehomogenně, bývá synonymizován a zaměňován s dalšími pojmy v kontextu zvládání krize. Ty mají jiné významy a jsou aplikovány v různých kontextech, což může představovat terminologický chaos. Cílem je prezentovat výsledky konceptuální analýzy pojmu psychologická první pomoc, přehled definujících atributů a synonymních pojmů. Byla užita konceptuální analýza metodou Walkera a Avanta. Ta vedla k určení synonymních pojmů a vymezení definujících atributů. Výsledky ukazují, že nejčastěji bývá užíváno pojmů např. psychologická / psychická / psychosociální první pomoc, psychosociální pomoc, krizová intervence. Definující atributy jsou pomoc, typ události, pomáhající / zasažená osoba, čas, cíl a účel poskytování psychologické první pomoci. Ze závěru plyne, že psychologická první pomoc je okamžitá krátkodobá pomoc s cílem psychické stabilizace zasažené osoby, zatímco dohledané příbuzné pojmy např. krizová intervence, krizová pomoc, znamenají spíše další možnosti psychosociální pomoci.
Využití psychodiagnostických metod v manažerské práci
(2022) Pánková, Barbora; Benda, Ondřej; Golcová, Silvie
Předložený článek se zabývá možnostmi využití psychodiagnostiky v manažerské práci, zejména pak při výběrových řízeních. Využití odpovídajících a vhodně zvolených psychodiagnostických nástrojů může pozitivně ovlivnit proces výběru zaměstnanců a následně možnosti práce s nimi z pohledu vedoucích zaměstnanců. V textu jsou vymezena specifika při diagnostice v personální oblasti na rozdíl od klinické praxe. Akcentovány jsou parametry výběru vhodných dotazníkových metod – validita, reliabilita, ale i využitelnost výstupů pro manažerskou práci a možnost propojitelnosti na požadované kompetence. Shrnuty jsou i výstupy rozhovorů s manažery věnující se zkušenostem s využíváním psychodiagnostických nástrojů. Blíže jsou představeny vybrané metody – behaviorální rozhovor, Hoganův osobnostní dotazník, MBTI, NEO, Belbinův dotazník, LMI, BIP.
Mindfulness or relaxation: What is more effective for work stress? Literature review
(2022) Loziak, Alexander
Objective. Work demands for productivity and flexibility are on the rise. In the last 20 years, hourly productivity has increased by 20 % (OECD, 2020). One of the adverse consequences of increased work demands is work stress (Quick & Henderson, 2016). There has been a growing need for organizations to reduce work stress, which is why stress management interventions (SMI) are quickly gaining popularity (Kröll et al., 2017). The aim of this paper is to introduce mindfulness and relaxation as approaches used in stress management interventions (SMI) in the work environment. Mindfulness is an ability we can cultivate with training and consists of two basic skills – monitoring of present-moment experience (based on attention and awareness) and attitude of acceptance and openness towards own experience. Accepting attitude has an essential role in stress management. Relaxation causes stress reduction in two ways: by promoting beneficial physiological processes (improved breathing rate, heart rate) and by focusing on pleasant, relaxing sensations. The paper characterizes these approaches, discussing their efficacy, specificities, differences, and circumstances that support their effectiveness.
Method. The efficacy of the investigated approaches was evaluated through the most up-to-date meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Papers were searched through the Scopus database.
Results. The results of the meta-analyses of mindfulness SMI agreed on satisfactory efficacy, showing a medium effect size. The findings of meta-analyses of relaxation SMI also demonstrated a medium effect size and suggested yoga-based interventions might be most effective. More importantly, both approaches are characterised by certain advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of the mindfulness approach include proven effectiveness in stress reduction and also other benefits in the work environment, such as improved creativity and problem-solving skills. However, practising mindfulness requires a lot of discipline, time and high commitment. The relaxation approach seems to offer stress reduction but no other benefits. Relaxation is also easier to learn and practice. Therefore, the mindfulness approach and the relaxation approach may be more appropriate for different groups of workers. For workers preferring straightforward instructions, easy-to-understand concepts, and less time-consuming interventions, relaxation is probably a more suitable alternative (Kaspereen, 2012). Highly motivated workers, willing to undergo more time-consuming and harder-to-understand training, may benefit more from mindfulness interventions. Mindfulness interventions may also be more appropriate for workers whose jobs involve a lot of planning and mental work and who may suffer from rumination of negative thoughts (Jain et al., 2007). Therefore, if organisations plan to reduce workers’ stress, it is essential to identify workers’ preferences and carefully weigh the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.
Discussion. Mindfulness and relaxation SMI can both be considered as options for reducing stress in the workplace in certain circumstances. The key is to identify the preferences of the workers in question and ensure that the chosen intervention is implemented well and thoroughly. The article offers a new perspective on the topic of dealing with stress in the workplace. This information is beneficial not only for researchers but also for psychologists/managers seeking solutions for their organisations. The study is limited by the fact that mindfulness and relaxation SMI in the workplace are not researched to the same extent. Future researchers should consider an experimental comparison of quality yoga and mindfulness interventions, in different work settings.
Effect of short‑term restricted environment stimulation on perceived stress
(2022) Vytykáčová, Simona; Soláriková, Petra; Masarovičová, Tamara; Horňáková Magdaléna
Abstract stress relief techniques, including the Chamber restricted environment stimulation technique (REST), are becoming increasingly popular in Slovakia. Given this, it is necessary to investigate this method in an experimental setting. According to Urbiš (2012), dark therapy could be a suitable method for people living under constant stress, tension, and difficult living conditions and can also be used as training in coping with stressful situations.
The focus of this study was to assess the relationship between a short‑term Chamber REST and perceived stress. Our research sample consisted of 42 participants who participated in a three‑hour stay in the laboratory of REST at Comenius University. Participants were psychology students. The selection of the research sample and length of stay was mainly based on the COVID-19 pandemic virus. The average age of the participants was 25 years (SD = 5.63). In terms of gender, 32 women (76.19%) and 10 men (23.81%) participated in the research. 21 respondents (50%) stated that they had some previous experience (not a one‑time, but repeated) with relaxation techniques. 20 participants (47.62%) had no prior experience. We measured experienced stress using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS, Cohen et al., 1983) two days before the stay and one week after, and stress and arousal using The Stress Arousal Checklist (SACL, Mackay et al., 1978) before and after stay.
The results show that the difference in perceived stress decreased significantly right after short‑term Chamber REST (p = 0.001; W = 556.00) and even one week after the stay (p = 0,016; W=0,932). There were no significant changes in the SDNN parameter before staying in the dark (M = 65.46, SD = 53.79) and after (M = 73.57, SD = 31.14) Wilk’s Lambda = .939, F (1.30) = 1.947, p = .173. No significant changes are also in the rMSSD index before (M = 62.45, SD = 66,42) and after (M = 70.57, SD = 43.80) Wilk’s Lambda = .961, F (1,30) = 1.214, p =.790; neither in HF before (M = 3 307.12, SD = 7 524.92) and after (M = 2 384.77, SD = 2 934.18) Wilk’s Lambda =.995, F (1,30) =.140, p =.711. There was not a significant effect of gender, Wilk’s Lambda =.991, F (1,30) =.283, p =.599 or previous experiences, Wilk’s Lambda = 1.000, F (1,30) =.001, p =.980 on SDNN. We also did not observe a significant effect of gender, Wilk’s Lambda =.996, F (1,30) =.133, p =.717 or previous experiences, Wilk’s Lambda = 1.000, F (1,30) = .014, p = .907 on rMSSD. The same results are in the HF index, with no significant effects of gender, Wilk’s Lambda = 0.985, F (1,30) = .469, p = .499 and previous experiences with relaxation methods Wilk’s Lambda = 1.000, F (1,30) = .000, p = .994.
According to our expectations, staying in the dark should reduce the level of stress experienced. The results showed the statistical significance of the difference in the stress using PSS and SACL questionnaires scores before and after dark stay. Participants scored lower after their stay in the dark than before, which is in line with our expectations according to other authors (Malůš et al., 2016; Suedfeld & Borrie, 1999) and highlights the potential of Chamber REST to reduce the level of experienced stress. Based on HRV analysis, we conclude that there was a change in measured HRV indexes, however, the changes were not significant. We observed an increase in heart rate variability (SDNN, RMSSD) indicating an increase in parasympathetic tone, compatible with elevated relaxation. Gender factors and previous experience with relaxation methods have no effect.
In conclusion, we found the difference in perceived stress decreased significantly right after short‑term Chamber REST and one week after the stay. An increase in heart rate variability (SDNN, RMSSD) after the stay indicated an increase in parasympathetic tone, however, the changes were not significant. There was no effect of factors of gender and previous experience with relaxation methods.
Motivace k myslivecké činnosti ve vztahu k osobnostním rysům
(2022) Baumgartner, František; Krakovská, Michaela
Příspěvek se věnuje tématu motivace k myslivecké činnosti, přičemž je sledována role různých motivů myslivosti a jejich souvislost s charakteristikami osobnosti. Výzkumu se zúčastnilo celkem 503 osob, z toho bylo 112 žen a 391 mužů. Data byla získána původním dotazníkem zjišťujícím motivaci k myslivosti a dotazníkem HEXACO, který měří šest dimenzí osobnosti. Na základě faktorové analýzy bylo odvozeno pět motivačních tendencí k myslivosti. Nejsilnějšími jsou motivy uznání a sdílení. Zjištění ukazují rozdílné vztahy motivů k osobnostním dimenzím. Častější jsou negativní korelace. Motiv prestiže negativně koreluje s poctivostí – pokorou, podobně je to u motivu agrese, který navíc ještě koreluje se svědomitostí. Z pozitivních korelací jsou nejsilnější vztahy motivů rozptýlení a agrese s emocionalitou. Pozorovat lze další signifikantní korelace, většinou se však jedná o slabé vztahy.